Job Titles in Banking and Finance
In the world of banking and finance, the roles are aplenty, and the same goes for the various positions present. This article will look at some of the more commonly used terminologies and titles.
As of 2019, the total value of stocks traded on exchanges stands at US$ 61.14 trillion and encompasses 83.9% of the world’s total GDP.
The banking and finance sector is the backbone and foundation for businesses and corporations worldwide, be it SMEs or MNCs, resulting in the creation of many different jobs and roles and a seemingly endless list of positions and titles that come with it.
Most banks tend to have an Analyst to Managing Director (MD, also known as the top dog) structure, but their titles may not be the same. Other banks use titles such as managers or executives, but the job responsibilities are equivalent to their pay grade.
Even outside of corporate finance roles in firms, one can see titles like Chief Executive Officers, Chief Investment Officers, and Chief Operating Officers, particularly in hedge funds, as they run like a mini company (but with massive funds) themselves.
Do keep in mind that this is not an exhaustive list and that every firm has its structure and position names unique to them, but this will help provide you with some insight into the hierarchy of the respective sectors, as well as the myriad of jobs out there.
Job Titles in Banking and Finance: Investment Banking and Private Equity
As some of the most lucrative and demanding jobs in the whole sector, the structure tends to be quite fixed and is about the same for most firms. As such, we will go into more detail for them.
Interns in these roles are also known as “Summer Analysts” (they take place in other seasons, too) and mainly support the full-time analysts in their work.
1. Investment Banking
Note that “investment banking” is for the client-facing front office of investment banks, for there are also middle and back office roles at investment banks.
- Analyst
- Associate
- Vice President (VP)
- Director/Senior Vice President (SVP)
- Managing Director (MD)
One starts as an Investment Banking Analyst and can progress to a Managing Director if they perform well and are deemed to be a “rain-makers” for the firm.
2. Private Equity
A popular exit route for investment bankers, private equity also has a similar structure, with more senior personnel having “carry”, where one takes a cut/commission from deals.
- Analyst (for firms that hire fresh grads)
- Associate
- Vice President (VP)
- Director/Principal/Senior Vice President (SVP)
- Managing Director (MD)/Partner
Sales And Trading
In another sector that is highly lucrative and sought after, there are quite a variety of positions due to the nature of the work. Still, the structure is generally the same and is reminiscent of investment banking and private equity.
- Analyst
- Associate
- Vice President (VP)
- Director/Senior Vice President (SVP)
- Managing Director (MD)
However, some companies do not use such terminology, using different terms such as “Senior Trade” and such. In that case, it is possible to roughly benchmark them to their equivalence in the above structure from their salary ranges.
Sales and trading themselves are two different categories. Within each category, there are many sub-categories as they tend to be split into different product types as they usually specialize in one.
Product Types InSales and Trading
Product types include:
1. Equities
- Normal stock
- Equity derivatives (options etc.)
2. Fixed Income, Currencies, and Commodities (FICC)
- Fixed Income (Bonds etc.)
- Currencies (Foreign exchange)
- Commodities (Precious metals, agricultural and energy futures, etc.)
As such, there would be a variety of roles, such as:
- Institutional Fixed Income Sales Trader
- Fixed Income Sales, Analyst
- Equity Sales Trader, Associate
- Oil Trader
- Senior FX Specialist
- Global Markets Sales & Trading Full-Time Analyst
- Credit Sales & Trading - Managing Director
- Junior Trader
- Quant Trader
Equity Research and Asset Management
More on the “buy-side,” equity research also involves a similar structure to other finance careers, with a key difference that “associates” are at the bottom of the food chain.
- Associate
- Analyst
- Vice President
- Director
- Managing Director
A popular exit opportunity would be towards the asset management side, which consists of hedge funds and other related funds. The structure tends to be a bit flatter due to lesser involved personnel as well:
- Junior Analyst
- Senior Analyst (Sector Head etc.)
- Portfolio Manager (Junior/Senior, where one is entrusted with a larger fund/AUM)
Titles include:
- Chief Investment Officer
- Chief Strategy Officer
- Chief Operating Officer
- Mortgage Credit Portfolio Manager - Vice President
- Equity Research Associate
- Senior Equity Research Analyst
- Portfolio Associate
- Portfolio Manager, Emerging Market Fixed Income
- Portfolio Manager, Global Equities
Aside from research roles, there are many other positions for such hedge funds due to the various forms of expertise required to keep them running smoothly. Such include personnel in charge of risk experienced marketing and salespersons, and even some in-house lawyers.
Apart from quantitative traders, many funds these days also have an in-house team of software engineers (SWE) to better integrate and improve workflow processes, as they create models that can process large amounts of data for actionable insights.
Titles include:
- Accounts Executive
- Accounts Manager
- Business Development Manager
- Execution Trader
- Head of Risk
- Marketing Manager
- Risk Manager
- Sales Manager
- Sales Account Executive
- Senior Sales Executive
- Software Engineer
- Software Developer
Corporate Finance
Being the backbone and lifeblood of corporations, the finance departments within larger firms tend to employ a vast headcount, with many different departments working in sync to ensure the company operates smoothly.
One can break it down into about three broad categories:
- Financial Planning and Analysis (better known as FP&A)
- Controllership (Financial Accounting)
- Treasury (Cash flow and risk)
One of the most well-known roles is the Chief Financial Officer (CFO), but apart from C-Suite executives, there are many other titles in such a field. As the hierarchy is not very defined and differs greatly from company to company, below are some possible roles out there:
Private Banking and Retail Banking
Being targeted towards individuals instead of firms, private banking and retail banking are key areas with large headcounts, too, with private banking catering to wealthy individuals such as High Net Worth Individuals (HNWIs) and retail banking catering to normal consumers.
For private banking, the structure is not as fixed as that of investment banking and private equity, with certain banks using the Analyst to MD structure, whereas others have an entirely different hierarchy:
- Alternative Products Specialist
- Client Services Head
- Financial Advisor
- Investment Professional
- Relationship Managers
- Private Banker
The retail side of banks arguably employs the most within the finance and banking industry, as they involve many different roles to cater to the mass public. Such jobs include bank tellers to relationship managers, and the number of roles is near limitless.
Similarly, companies may use the same Analysts to MD track, but there are equally many who don’t. One thing to keep note of is that in banking, Vice Presidents (VPs) tend to be aplenty (a well-known form of title inflation) and are not equivalent to top executives of other companies.
Titles include:
